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Oracle MME Proves Customer Experience is the Holy Grail of Marketing Success

The community of Customer Experience (CX) marketers converged at the Oracle MME 2017 last month. Here’s what every marketer should be aware of– just in case you missed it.

Oracle Modern Marketing Experience may have concluded on April 27.  However, the aftermath of all the marketing insights from CX Heroes and the Modern Marketers continue to bake in “Factory of Martech Thoughts” here at MarTech Series. I see innovation and inspiration within marketing shaping up the way marketers bring brand experience at every actionable touch point for customers.

Here are 10 take away insights from Oracle MME 2017 that prove CX would be the kick-ass trend of the year for marketers to not just focus on, but also excel with superlative expertise in doing so.

Content is King — Consistent Delivery Makes You Invincible

Every company has a brand persona. But do customers know about it? Oracle MME 2017 showed the way how marketers need to focus on creating brand personas using creative experiences for every customer. While content remains the core for any form of engagement across marketing channels, the mode of delivery is what gives content the edge to  “impress and excite”.

Oracle Banner via EHarmony

Oracle Banner via EHarmony

Oracle MME witnessed invaluable discussion around the legacy of Email marketing and the changing dynamics of social media marketing within B2B sphere. Together with email and messaging platforms, video streaming will be the top delivery model for personalized content in 2017.

The way marketers adopt, deploy and use technology to accelerate their campaigns has changed remarkably over the course of a decade. By 2020, customers would go from screen engagements to ‘No-screen’ engagements! While most B2B marketers are going Mobile First with their strategies, Mobile-Only interactions would be something that promises to have a far-reaching impact on customer experience than ever before. The absolute truth!

CX Heroes like Jay Baer identified the importance of content creation and measuring the effectiveness to eliminate elements that don’t perform.

Know your Customer – Build a CX Relationship, Not Sales Relationship

Jennifer Renaud, CMO at Oracle Marketing Cloud, identified the reason to build the right experience for customers. True customer-centric platforms enable marketers to engage with customers using skills they know best—communication, creativity and brand advocacy.

“Think hard before you make a commitment; when you make it, see it through…” – Sir Robert Swan

Knowing the customer across a ny and every channel depends on how marketers use data and marketing technologies. After all, the success lies in transformation and adoption of dramatic CX that deliver true value to enterprise bottom line. Agreed?

Automatic is Quaint — Time to Show Auto-Magic!

Oracle MME showed why automation in marketing and sales seemingly needs a quick “Eureka” moment for connecting with customers in person. Of course, CRMs driving automated email marketing campaigns have no connection to customer’s allegiance to a particular brand. From customer discovery to offering valuable insights on the product service, marketers at Oracle MME were awed by Auto-Magic innovations within martech.

Recommended Read: Interview with Cory Treffiletti, VP Marketing Partner Solutions – Oracle Data Cloud

Auto-magic technology within automation stack not only connects customers to the right solution but also auto-corrects any identity mistake that sneaks into campaigns by virtue of lack of customer detail.

Let Customers Do — Marketers Just need to Follow

Customers today are hyper-connected, smarter and more vocal about their preferences. As trends reveal, customers would share their preferences with marketers even if it means letting them breach into privacy (though, the marquee CX proves that modern marketers are aware of drawing the lines). Yes, customers no longer run after the perfect products, rather it’s the service and the experience they want to pay for.

AI Plus ABM – How Long can it Wait

Targeted account profiling is what leads me to ABM and AI. From finding the right content to helping marketers trace the aptest image for their customers, artificial intelligence embedded into marketing technologies will play the much greater role than projected initially. Be it on Cloud or in SaaS, AI/ML algorithms help marketers turn insights into meaningful actions with hyper-contextualized campaigns.

AI Plus ABM – How Long can it Wait

Let’s wait and watch how AI penetrates deeper into marketing and advertising technologies.

ABM Tech Bytes with Tony Yang, Vice President of Demand Generation and Marketing Operations at Mintigo

Heroic Marketing is About Treating Your Customer Right

Mark Hurd, CEO of Oracle Corporation, addressed the CX Heroes and Modern Marketers on why customers no longer wait for things to happen to them. They are the innovators and the disruptors themselves. If you don’t treat the customer right, stay prepared to lose billion dollar deals overnight!

The difference between winning and losing in business is how you treat customers. The one who treats the customer right is the CX Winner. Oracle, by organizing the event for CX Heroes, proves how they intend to collaborate with their partners and customers for a better technology adoption.

Customer Data is Marketer’s Currency—The More You Share, Bigger You Grow

CX is creating campaigns made by giving attention to detail and delivering empathy to the buyer. How you do it? By focusing on customer data! Do you let the customer choose their own PoS, or deliver the product variations based on their preferences, or even letting them read through minute nuances in the description in their language of choice?

Take all that data out and let CX be the prime focus of using them within campaigns.

Jay Baer Key Note Session Entrance

Jay Baer Key Note Session

Well, all that depends on how customer data grows within marketing campaigns.

As Matt Heinz, President of Heinz Marketing, says – “Become your own Customer’s Favorite Choice.”

CX—The Convergence of Marketing and Advertising Technologies

Data-driven advertising and marketing campaigns are essential to survival in 2017. Be it for B2C or B2B, marketers need to be on top of the mind of their customers… speaking the same tone of engagement across channels.

In the pre-event interview series with us, Aaron Dun, Sr. Vice President Marketing – SnapApp, said —

We need to think about more ways to create a conversation. Imagine a video that watchers can actually interact with, and structure the message based on how you respond to certain questions? It encourages the kind of engaging experience that standard video just isn’t providing.

Programmatic remains the hottest topic for CX inclusions. However, live streaming videos like the one Brightcove offers do make more sense as a CX element than opting for non-contextual videos playing alongside branded content.

Customers want to know — “Who Am I”?

Allen Pogorzelski, VP of Marketing, Openprise, highlights the need to focus on moving away from “Spray and pray” marketing and deliver customer-direct experiences. He says, “Knowing who I am and what I need right now as a prospect is the only thing stopping me from meeting your unsubscribe page.”

Alicia Esposito, Content Strategist, Demand Gen Report, points out research studies that show why buyers are looking out for content created with a high level of personalization.

Higher the level of personalization, better are the chances that customers will make an informed buying decision.

CX is for All

Oracle MME 2017 proves why CX is as much important for global enterprises as it is for local SMBs with smaller accounts. The CX Cloud for Midsize offered at a much lower cost of IT deployment delivers the same kind of results as CPQ Cloud for e-commerce companies.

While it’s still true that many enterprise customers fail to churn ROI from their martech investments due to challenges related to adoption and expertise, Oracle MME threw open hints to marketers on how organizational change will be key to delivering flawless CX.

Keeping customers at the center, marketers should build real martech platforms and not products that evangelize and educate customers about their true identity within a marketplace.

Should You Be there at Oracle MME Next Year!

Going by the action that I witnessed this year in Las Vegas, Oracle is going not just one, but a hundred steps higher, with each of its MME editions. In an interview with us, Jason Oates, Chief Business Officer, LiveIntent rightly says —

Oracle MME is a reflection of Oracle’s reputation: brilliant insight, great design, and exemplary thought leadership. Oracle is one of our favorite partners, and Oracle MME is always a great opportunity to meet with our customers. One of the huge advantages of MME is that most attendees understand the value of people based marketing, so we can have higher level conversations.

Shayne J. Barretto, COO and Co-Founder says, “Oracle Modern Marketing Experience at Las Vegas is a meticulously organized event featuring a great panel of speakers and fantastic KeyNotes!”

Read AlsoConquering Customer Expectations at Oracle MME17

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PM Video Battle: HALO Branded Solutions Versus DJB Specialties

Promo Marketing’s Video Battle pits two industry videos against each other for the chance at the ultimate bragging right: Being declared our readership’s absolute favorite. (Next up: Happy Cinco de Mayo, everyone! Unfortunately, we don’t have a margarita machine at work … yet.)

Last week, HALO Branded Solutions won, and now will face off against DJB Specialties.

The winner will be decided by a simple poll. The poll will close the morning of Friday, May 12, the same day a new challenge will start.

Companies whose videos win for four weeks in a row will be retired to the Video Battle Hall of Fame and General Awesomeness, forever enshrined in internet glory.

Click here for prior video battles. Have a promotional product video you’d like to submit to PM’s Video Battle? Send suggestions to bmenapace@napco.com.

The Promo Marketing Video Battle is brought to you by SnugZ USA.

YouTube quietly pauses search ads to implement brand safety measures

Bloomua / Shutterstock.com

Google has quietly paused its TrueView discovery ads that show up in mobile search results or as a “related video” on video watch pages on the service. The stoppage comes as YouTube works to implement additional brand safety measures promised in March after major advertisers in the UK and US pulled campaigns due to reports by The Times of ads appearing on extremist and objectionable content.

Rebecca Lynch of Publicis Health Media told Marketing Land that the agency learned of the move after inquiring earlier this week. A Google representative explained that pausing the discovery ads will help speed along infrastructure changes needed to implement new brand safety measures that will apply to all YouTube ad formats. The ads are expected to be offline until the end of Q2 2017. Marketing Land has reached out to Google for comment and will update here if and when we get a response. Discovery ad targeting is based on demographics and interests, which take into account search history and other factors.

Ads in YouTube search results are currently paused.

This change only affects the discovery ads that appear in the search results on YouTube. Discovery ads can still appear on video partner sites in the Display Network. They are also still showing up on the YouTube mobile home page at this point. TrueView in-stream ads — the skippable ads that typically run as pre-roll on other videos — and the six-second bumper ads are not affected by this change.

As part of the brand safety improvements, Google has said advertisers will have more visibility into where their video and display ads appear, be able to easily enable brand safety settings and have more fine-tuned control over where their ads appear, and default settings will change to automatically exclude ads from showing on potentially objectionable content. Last week, Google broadened the scope of its so-called hate speech policy, giving the company more discretion in determining whether video and site content can be monetized.

The full impact of the advertiser uproar that started at the end of March is not yet known. Advertising intelligence firm MediaRadar reported today that it saw a five percent drop in advertisers on Google Preferred YouTube premium channel content in April, the first month to show an advertiser decline so far in 2017. The firm also said that while Starbucks, Dish, ATT and Pepsi were among advertisers that did stop YouTube ads in April, GM, Verizon, Johnson Johnson and Walmart continued to advertise. GM advertised only on the YouTube homepage, however, Walmart and Johnson Johnson ran ads on a variety of Google Preferred channels, where there are little-to-no adjacency safety issues.


About The Author

Make 2017 the year you fully embrace video – The Nashville Ledger

If marketers had a zodiac calendar, we might call 2017 “The Year of the Video.” Online video is enjoying the spotlight, due in part to its increasingly crucial role in social media, and consumption is also at an all-time high. That is a definite plus for video marketing.

There’s never been a better time for businesses to take advantage of video’s popularity.

In January, eMarketer estimated that 62 percent of the world’s internet users would view digital video in 2017. That staggering number should pique any business owner’s interest in video as a persuasive marketing tool.

Let’s consider three of the most common reasons consumers engage online. People are curious creatures and seek to engage with media for inspiration, information and innovation.

Take a moment to let those three desires sink in. Now, let’s look at online video marketing applications that deliver on each.

Our desire for inspiration includes not only motivational stories but stories that are purely entertaining. A 2017 article in The Huffington Post reports that businesses are “embracing online video as a more personal and engaging way to connect with audiences.”

Videos that weave together a compelling story through testimonials from satisfied customers who are passionate about your brand and willing to be bona fide spokespeople are a perfect example of how you can leverage video to gain some inspirational marketing traction.

Since well-crafted video boosts brand awareness and trust, the opportunity to provide information to your market about your services or products with video is a great move.

A corporate identity video relating the story of your company’s history, core values, goals and future plans is a great way to provide information that inquiring customers want to know.

Innovation is a constant craving of the online audience and a great marketing opportunity for your business.

Which of your new or upcoming innovations lend themselves well to video? Has your company produced an interesting new product or process that eases customer frustration?

Once you’ve created your video, be sure to invest enough in the promotion of it to ensure you generate ROI on the overall investment.

Too many marketers focus too much on the video and little time on how they intend to promote it – whether that be through purchased media, email marketing, social marketing, etc.

Like many things, less is more when it comes to the total length of your video. You’re seeking a balance in effective storytelling and likely viewership; the longer the video, generally the lower the viewership.

Consult with your marketing firm to find the right-targeted length for your purpose and audience.

Video marketing is effective, persuasive, wildly popular and in demand. It should, however, be a part of an overall marketing investment and a plan that you make with a trusted marketing partner to ensure video viewership brings the results you deserve.

Tricia Warren, marketing strategist at RedRover Sales Marketing Strategy, can be reached at redrovercompany.com.

Traders Vote Macron as Le Pen Vows to Wipe Away Their Smiles

With Marine Le Pen’s “smirking banker” insults failing to rattle her adversary in the final debate of the French presidential election, markets are looking decidedly cheerful.

By one important measure of risk sentiment, they’re the least flustered they’ve been about the possibility of a National Front victory all year. But this positioning means the smile could vanish from the face of more than just one-time banker Emmanuel Macron if Le Pen pulls off an upset in Sunday’s vote. 

The euro reached its highest level of the year against the dollar after the debate, and the premium investors demand to hold French government OATS over German bunds plummeted to a 2017 low.

Deutsche Bank AG strategist Sebastien Galy says the unwind of hedges against a Le Pen victory reflects “misplaced overconfidence,” with analysts at UBS Group AG predicting a massive shock to U.S. Treasuries if she manages to pull it off.

Granted, independent Macron is likely to win. Sixty-three percent of those surveyed after Wednesday’s vituperative exchange said that the centrist candidate put in a stronger performance. And the narrowing in the OAT-bund spread reflects the widening of another key metric: Macron’s lead in the polls. Not a single major survey of voter intention shows him behind.

‘Hell Breaks Loose’

All the same, “it’s not a given,” according to Andreas Utermann, the chief executive officer at Allianz Global Investors, speaking of victory for the frontrunner. “We would like to get through Sunday because let’s face it: even though it’s not priced in the markets, if it’s not Macron but Le Pen all hell will break loose,” Utermann said in a May 3 Bloomberg TV interview.

The character of the resulting maelstrom may prove more severe than options pricing suggests, said Deutsche Bank’s Galy in a Wednesday interview. The euro could weaken by 3 to 6 percent “as very few are positioned for this,” he said. But even a narrow victory for Macron could sideline foreign investors until the next election as the threat of populism lingers, he said.

In the wake of the debate, the euro surged to a November high of 1.0987 against the dollar, and the cost of hedging against volatility in the Euro Stoxx 50 Index sank a record 35 percent. With investors loading up on bets for Macron, there would be a limited scope for a relief rally following a victory by the former economy minister.

Over the longer term, the effects on euro-zone markets may be harder to gauge. With little precedent for Le Pen’s signature proposal of leaving the euro, “we might end up in an economic paralysis for a period of time,” according to Peter Trent, chief executive of Macquarie Atlas Roads in Sydney.

Stars Align

On Thursday, Le Pen’s camp seemed to be trying to snatch victory from the jaws of accepted usage, when her niece and fellow National Front politician Marion Marechal-Le Pen said that scoring 40 percent in the two-way runoff “would be an enormous victory.”

Sure enough, Le Pen can only win if many stars align: participation needs to be very low, moderates need to stay home, and the voting bloc of Communist-backed Jean-Luc Melenchon — who went out in the first round — needs to split evenly between Le Pen and Macron, according to Bloomberg Intelligence’s Maxime Sbaihi.

For more on how voter abstentions could nudge Le Pen to victory, click here.

Sbaihi warns against “selling the bear’s pelt before it’s killed” — to use the French expression, even though Macron’s 23-point lead in the Bloomberg composite of surveys of second-round voting intention stands well beyond the margin of error.

“It’s clear after the debate that a Macron win is perceived as the most market-friendly outcome, and has become more likely,” Vincent Juvyns, global market strategist at JPMorgan Asset Management in Luxembourg, said in an interview ahead of the vote. While Macron looks the likely victor, “we should remain vigilant,” he cautioned.

House Republicans claim a major victory with passage of health-care overhaul

House Republicans on Thursday narrowly passed a controversial bill to overhaul the nation’s health-care system, claiming a major victory even as the measure faces an uncertain fate in the closely divided U.S. Senate.

Under intense pressure to show they can govern and to make good on their promise to repeal and replace the Affordable Care Act, Republicans pushed through the bill after adopting a last-minute change that earned it just enough votes to pass. However, the House version fell significantly short of the GOP’s long-held goals, making major dents in large portions of the current law but not outright repealing it.

The bumpy, months-long process that led to Thursday’s vote also violated some of the GOP’s own promises on how they would govern.

The measure proceeded without the benefit of an analysis from the Congressional Budget Office of its cost and impact on insurance coverage, and it did so after many Republicans openly acknowledged that they hadn’t read the bill. President Trump also promised “insurance for everybody,” which the measure will not achieve.

The American Health Care Act, which passed by a vote of 217 to 213, nonetheless represented a significant if incomplete political victory for President Trump, who has struggled to secure legislative wins early in his presidency. The vote was also an important win for House Speaker Paul D. Ryan (R-Wis.), who has spent years trying to dismantle Obamacare but has struggled in recent months to unite an ideologically divided caucus.

The House bill would shift power to states to set important health insurance rules. And it would end the ACA’s subsidies for eligible people who buy health plans through marketplaces created under the law, creating and substituting new tax credits. It also would rescind several taxes that have helped pay for the law, including ones imposed on Americans with high incomes, health insurers, medical devices and tanning salons.

Among the bill’s more contentious provisions is one that would allow states to let insurers return to their old practice of charging more to customers with preexisting medical problems — a practice that current law prohibits.

Republicans claimed credit for taking a first step toward meeting their promise with a televised celebration in the White House Rose Garden — which Trump attended after postponing a long-planned event in New York with Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull to commemorate the 75th anniversary of the Battle of the Coral Sea.

“We’re going to get this passed through the Senate — I’m so confident,” Trump said.

“This has really brought the Republican Party together,” he added.

Democrats, however, held their own celebration of sorts immediately after the vote, waving to Republicans on the House floor and chanting, “Hey, hey, hey, goodbye” — an apparent taunt suggesting that Republicans would lose elections next year as a result of the vote.

How the House voted to pass the GOP health-care bill. View Graphic How the House voted to pass the GOP health-care bill.

Before the vote, House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) noted that while many Americans can’t name their member of Congress, Thursday’s vote would earn their ire.

“You will glow in the dark on this one,” Pelosi warned. “So don’t walk the plank, especially unnecessarily.”

The political positioning over the bill started immediately, with the GOP claiming that it would lower premiums and increase access to health insurance and Democrats casting it as a huge transfer of wealth because it would eliminate many of the taxes imposed under the Affordable Care Act, including on wealthy Americans.

And the nation’s health insurance industry, which has been lobbying for an aspect of the bill that would eliminate an ACA tax on insurers, nevertheless reacted critically to the House vote. The legislation “needs important improvements to protect low- and moderate-income families,” said Marilyn Tavenner, president of the trade group America’s Health Insurance Plans. She cited changes the bill would make to Medicaid and to tax credits for older Americans who buy coverage on their own, as well as lingering uncertainty over the fate of an ACA subsidy that helps nearly 6 million Americans with insurance co-pays and deductibles.

Every Democrat and 20 Republicans voted against the measure, the latter a mix of ardent conservatives upset that the bill didn’t fully repeal Obamacare and members from suburban swing districts worried about the political fallout. The wide-ranging interpretations of whether the bill would gut the current law — or wouldn’t — are likely to fuel the nature and intensity of that fallout.

For instance, the measure does not eliminate the ACA’s requirement that most Americans carry health insurance, although the penalty for not having coverage would be erased. In its place, insurers would be allowed to charge 30 percent higher premiums for one year to customers who have had a gap in coverage of roughly two months or more.

Medicaid would also be transformed in two ways. For the 31 states that expanded the safety-net program under the ACA to include people with slightly higher incomes, the government would immediately stop paying for anyone new to enroll under the expansion and would eventually stop the extra federal money that came with the expansion. Starting in a few years, Medicaid would also end its half-century tradition as an entitlement program in which the government pays a certain share for each person who enrolls, switching instead to a “cap” with a fixed amount per person.

The vote capped a haphazard, months-long process that began before Trump’s inauguration but quickly became mired in intraparty disagreement over how Republicans should make good on the campaign promise they had been running — and winning — on since 2010, when then-President Obama’s signature domestic policy achievement became law.

In March, Ryan pulled an earlier version of the measure after it became clear that he did not have the votes to pass it — primarily because of strong opposition from the conservative House Freedom Caucus.

After a two-week Easter recess, however, negotiations resumed, and Republicans came up with a new proposal that garnered support from Freedom Caucus members by allowing states to eliminate parts of the ACA that require insurers to include specific “essential health benefits” in health plans sold to individuals and small business and to set their own coverage requirements or none at all. The new version also added the language affecting customers with preexisting medical conditions.

The new proposal, however, threatened support among members of the House’s more moderate Tuesday Group. That, in turn, prompted yet another tweak this week to add $8 billion to help people with preexisting conditions pay for their health-care costs.

The amendment prompted powerful objections from a wide range of health policy experts and advocates, who questioned whether the amount of money was sufficient to help all the Americans who would need it.

It also revived questions about the measure’s fate in the Senate, where widespread disagreement remains among Republicans about how to proceed on health care. First, the Senate’s parliamentarian — or rules-keeper — cannot review the legislation and determine the rules of debate until the CBO submits its official estimate, which could take several more weeks to complete, according to congressional aides. That would mean that official Senate debate on the bill could not begin until June.

Sen. John Cornyn (R-Tex.), the second-ranking Republican, declined to commit to a schedule for when the Senate will begin consideration of the House health care rewrite.

“There is no timeline,” he said. “When we get 51 senators we’ll vote.”

But other senators made clear that the process would be more deliberative in the upper chamber of Congress.

“A bill — finalized yesterday, has not been scored, amendments not allowed, and 3 hours final debate — should be viewed with caution,” Sen. Lindsey O. Graham (R-S.C.) tweeted on Thursday before the House vote.

House Republicans insisted that they were not ramming their health-care bill through without giving members a chance to absorb it — as they accused Democrats of doing when the ACA was passed in 2010.

Democrats “put a 2,000-page bill on the table they knew no one had time to read, and we’re not doing that,” said Rep. H. Morgan Griffith (R-Va.).

“This is a rough and tumble exercise that the Founding Fathers anticipated,” he added.

House Freedom Caucus Chairman Mark Meadows (R-N.C.) said he was willing to abandon his previous demands that leaders allow hearings and discussion of the legislation because members had opportunities to weigh in on amendments over the past several days. The decision marked a measurable shift for hard-line Freedom Caucus members, who have insisted that leaders give them ample time to read legislation and weigh in before a bill comes up for a vote.

“I have read the bill no less than six times,” Meadows said. “If they haven’t read the bill it is because they haven’t spent the time to do that.”

Republicans also disregarded the absence of a final estimate from the nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office — Congress’s official scorekeeper. Several said that last-minute changes to the legislation were unlikely to significantly change the final estimates.

“We’re still comfortable we’re saving billions and billions of dollars,” said Rep. Chris Collins (R-N.Y.).

Meadows, who struggled for weeks to rally his caucus around the measure, said the Senate will make changes he might not necessarily back.

Among other concerns, GOP senators from states that have expanded Medicaid under the ACA worry about rollbacks to that program included in the House bill. Then there’s a trio of conservative senators — Ted Cruz (R-Tex.), Mike Lee (R-Utah) and Rand Paul (R-Ky.) — who often buck GOP leaders. With just a 52-48 advantage over Democrats, Senate Republicans have a smaller margin for error than their House counterparts.

The House measure may run into other procedural roadblocks in the Senate. The original proposal initially left many of the ACA’s insurance regulations alone — with the goal of ensuring it would pass muster with the Senate parliamentarian — but not all of them. The House’s version of the bill would undercut the ACA’s insurance regulations even more. That might make it difficult for Republican senators to pass the measure under a procedural maneuver known as “reconciliation,” which is usually reserved for budget legislation.

Due to a series of resignations, Republicans needed just 216 votes to pass the bill, but left nothing to chance. Even Rep. Jason Chaffetz (R-Utah), recovering from recent foot surgery, flew back to Washington against his doctor’s orders to vote for the bill.

“It was a big important vote, and it was close. I didn’t want to be the reason it failed,” he told reporters.

While some Republicans were buoyant, others exhibited a palpable sense of relief that health care is off their plates — at least for now.

“It wasn’t fun,” said Rep. Lou Barletta (R-Pa.).

Sean Sullivan, John Wagner, David Weigel, Kelsey Snell, Dino Grandoni, Elise Viebeck and Robert Costa contributed to this report.